Including the consequences of defenseless spaces in cities, less safe and more importantly reduce the Sense of security among citizens, so evaluation these spaces and their effects on the Sense of security of the citizens is essential. The purpose of this study is also evaluating the effects of defenseless spaces on the Sense of security of citizens in the Bazar neighborhood of Tehran. This research has an applied aim and its methodology Library - survey (questionnaire) is. To study for defenseless space of three indicators (physical, social and social - physical) and three indicators Sense of security (Sense of security of language, physical and visual) are used. The sample size using Cochran's formula, according to statistical population (23, 696 people), 384 is obtained. To analyze the data, two software SPSS and SMART - PLS is used. The research results show that the between physical and social indicator’s Sense of security of citizens there is a significant relationship, but between the social - physical indicators by Sense of security, there is no significant relationship. As well as social indicators (crowding, privacy, etc.), the greatest impact on Sense of security of citizens.

Adoption of strategies such as compact city design and urban intensification are claimed to positively affect the levels of social sustainability within the city. The Sense of safety and social interactions within neighborhoods are also important factors affecting residents’ quality of life and community cohesion and sustainability. However, no research has been conducted on the relationship between density and social ties, and contradictory claims are made about the impacts of higher density on social life in residential environments. It has been demonstrated that people’ s experience and perception of density could vary by its levels, and is inadequately expressed by any of its measures. Previous research has found that most of the negative associations of density concern the perceptions thereof, and perceived density is correlated with social interactions and the Sense of safety in residential environments. The causal nature of the relationship, however, has not been established. Furthermore, the constructed shapes, residential layouts, and hybrid land uses in a neighborhood and the relevant socio-demographic variables have been found in some studies to play important roles in achievement of social sustainability. A physical element known as gatedness is also believed to influence local community relationship networking and the Sense of safety. Therefore, one of the most common strategies that developers adopt to establish communities that provide residents with closer-knit, safe places to live in involves gated communities: residential areas with access restricted through physical barriers such as fences, walls, security guardhouses, and electric gates. Based on the social ecological model, this study highlighted the importance of evaluations and perceptions derived from communal spaces as motivators of social interaction, and demonstrated that the physical environment affects people’ s thoughts, feelings, and beliefs about a local neighborhood through everyday contact and experience. The aim of this study was to examine the structural relationships between perceived density, social interaction, and the Sense of safety in gated and non-gated communities. For that purpose, six neighborhoods of the same net residential and population density and the same socioeconomic resident status but with different layouts in the city of Mashhad, Iran were selected for detailed investigation. A total of 590 randomly-selected residents completed a 5-point Likert-scale questionnaire, originating from the reviewed literature. The data analysis was made using SPSS 19 and Amos 23. The reliability of the questionnaire, developed specifically to elicit individuals’ perceptions, was demonstrated, and the latent constructs were validated through confirmatory factor analysis. Then, structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to estimate the relationships between the predictors and outcomes. It was found that social interaction was greater in gated communities than in non-gated ones. However, residents in non-gated residential areas exhibited greater Senses of safety than those in gated communities. The results of SEM demonstrated that the direct effects of perceived density on social interaction were significant in both groups, and there was a negative causal relationship between perception of density and social interaction. In gated communities, the non-recursive model suggested a feedback loop where a decrease in perceived density would increase social interaction, thereby increasing the Sense of safety, in turn further decreasing perceived density. In non-gated communities, however, the Sense of safety was influenced by perceived density and thus correlated with social interaction as an independent factor. This finding indicated the mediating role of the Sense of safety in the relationship between perceived density and social interaction in non-gated communities.

Introduction The presence of women as one of the most important and vulnerable user groups of urban spaces requires requirements and prerequisites. One of the most important of which is ‘ safety’ . The perception of women safety in urban spaces depends on many factors. Physical-spatial characteristics, economic status, political and social conditions, cultural issues, each with their own indicators, affect the level of women's safety. But, studies show that women in urban spaces with better qualities, have stronger Sense of safety. This article aims to investigate the relationship between environmental indicators and women's Sense of safety in urban spaces at the neighborhood scale...

Today, tourism is closely linked to the security issue. Security: It means freeing from any threat-an invasion of the legitimate and legitimate rights and freedoms of citizens and consists of two layers that are: personal and social security. The Sense of security in tourists has important personal and social functions that, in the event of disruption of these functions, feel insecurity in the walkways. In urban areas, walkways have a special position, so that the higher the quality and quantity of these socio-cultural spaces, the citizens will have more opportunities to spend their leisure and recreation. The main goal of the walkways is to provide citizens with a peaceful and enjoyable holiday with pleasure and relaxation. The existence of security in the public parks and parks of the city, such as parks, has various personal and social functions...

IntroductionSome urban spaces, due to their structural and social features, create situations in which criminals are encouraged to commit crimes. Although in these spaces, the rate of crimes may be low, these spaces induce the Sense of defenseless to citizens and give rise to the Sense of unsafety and fear among people. As a result, the use of such spaces decrease gradually and their emptiness results in the situations that are proper for committing crimes. This fact is more probable in central and worn areas due to the dominant physical and social conditions in these areas. These areas are known as “ defenseless spaces” , which are prone to crimes more than other urban spaces. Factors such as the emptiness of the environment, chaos, and weariness lead to the creation of such unsafe spaces. On the other word, these are spaces that do not have any positive effects on the surrounding environment as well as the people who use them. Urban defenseless spaces are areas that according to their physical properties, they are more suitable spaces for committing crimes relative to other urban areas. These spaces often do not belong to any body and even if they have proprietress, they are abandoned. Urban defenseless spaces are so important in urban studies due to their numerous effects on the urban lives especially their effect on the creation of fear and unsafety. So, performing systematic research in this field develops new insights. Harandi neighborhood in the central area of Tehran faces with different types of physical and social problems. So, these problems are effective in creating defenseless spaces in this neighborhood. In order to investigate defenseless spaces in Harandi neighborhood, the safety audit model was used. ...